Texas–Florida study, Sept 2026 (Claude Sonnet 4.6 from memory)
We asked an AI model where to learn to fly 7,650 times and checked every answer against the FAA’s list of certificated flight schools. Most schools were never named once for their own city. We measured it; this is the data.
Every verified flight school in 11 states, and how often AI names them
Preliminary · Southeast study, 2 of 3 rounds · Oct 2026 · Claude Opus 5.5 with live web search. These numbers update after round 3. This newer study gave the AI live web search; the Sept 2026 study above asked it to answer from memory. Different conditions, so the two sets of numbers measure different things; they do not contradict each other.
How AI finds flight schools: answering from memory (Texas–Florida study, Sept 2026), the AI never named 71% of FAA-certificated Texas flight schools. With live web search (Southeast study, preliminary), it never named 12%. But across all 11 states, 28% of verified flight schools weren't named once in 20 answers about their own market. What the AI finds on the web shapes who gets recommended.
Listed: FAA-certificated schools and schools with dated evidence of operating, as of Oct 1, 2026; schools we could not yet verify are counted, never named. University and college programs are listed and labelled; the AI study does not include them. AI numbers are per market (a city and a school type) and are shown only where at least 3 schools are in the market; we never publish a school’s own result.
+−State numbers and the directory by state
Preliminary · Southeast study, 2 of 3 rounds · Oct 2026 · Claude Opus 5.5 with live web search. These numbers update after round 3.| State | FAA-certificated never named | All verified schools never named | Locations listed | Locations awaiting verification |
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| Alabama | 16.7% · 1 of 6 | 24.1% · 13 of 54 | 47 | +19 |
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| Arkansas | not shown (fewer than 3) | 25% · 7 of 28 | 26 | +8 |
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| Florida | 7.9% · 6 of 76 | 25% · 46 of 184 | 199 | +31 |
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| Georgia | 15.4% · 2 of 13 | 31% · 26 of 84 | 73 | +29 |
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| Louisiana | 0% · 0 of 4 | 10.3% · 3 of 29 | 25 | +13 |
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| Mississippi | not shown (fewer than 3) | 17.9% · 5 of 28 | 24 | +12 |
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| North Carolina | 5.9% · 1 of 17 | 20.5% · 15 of 73 | 72 | +24 |
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| Oklahoma | 0% · 0 of 3 | 27.9% · 12 of 43 | 43 | +11 |
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| South Carolina | 25% · 1 of 4 | 25% · 15 of 60 | 40 | +25 |
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| Tennessee | 0% · 0 of 7 | 33.9% · 19 of 56 | 57 | +11 |
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| Texas | 11.6% · 5 of 43 | 33% · 108 of 327 | 297 | +101 |
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Fewer than 3 FAA-certificated schools: not shown (AR, MS), as for markets, because the share would be a school’s own result. LA, OK, SC: few FAA-certificated schools, so read the count, not the percentage.
It also recommends schools that no longer exist.
Aviator College · Fort Pierce, Florida · closed April 2026
named 980 times in the Florida answers, and 159 times in Texas, where it never operated
Redbird Skyport · San Marcos, Texas · closed September 2019
named 535 times in the Texas answers
Of the school names it wrote, 59% in Texas and 33% in Florida matched no verified school; an estimated 47% and 44% of those had no evidence of existing at all.
“No evidence” means three web searches found nothing. It is not proof a business never existed.
How we measured it
- 0110 realistic student questions per city and school type, each asked 3 times: 30 query-runs per combo.
- 02Asked unaided: no list of schools in the prompt. The model answers from what it knows.
- 03Every school name in every answer was matched against a population verified from the FAA's Part 141 certificate list and dated web evidence.
- 04A school counts as never recommended when it is not named in any of the 30 query-runs for its own city and school type.
- 05Every response is archived verbatim with a SHA-256 hash; the methodology and results are documented for peer review.
+−How this was measured
Methodology v2.2, Sept 2026. Model claude-sonnet-4-6, temperature 1.0, ungrounded condition (no school list in the prompt). Grounded figures are the manipulation check. 252 city-and-school-type combos × 30 query-runs (10 queries × 3 samples) = 7,560 query-runs. Unit: brand within a state (campuses collapse). Population: primary flight training providers (aircraft-based certificate and rating training); simulator and type-rating centers excluded; university and college programs outside the measured scope. Never recommended: a brand never named in any of the 30 query-runs for the city-and-school-type combos of its campuses. Map colors use the FAA Part 141 certificate tier, the only tier comparable across states.
Texas · 153 city × school-type combos · 4,590 query-runs| Never recommended |
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| FAA Part 141 certificate | 30 of 42 · 71% |
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| FAA + dated web citation | 194 of 215 · 90% |
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| All included | 253 of 281 · 90% |
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| Mean citation rate: ungrounded · grounded · grounding multiple |
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| FAA Part 141 certificate | 5.3% · 46.1% · 8.8× |
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| FAA + dated web citation | 1.9% · 45.0% · 23.7× |
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| All included | 2.0% · 45.0% · 22.1× |
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Florida · 99 city × school-type combos · 2,970 query-runs| Never recommended |
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| FAA Part 141 certificate | 60 of 76 · 79% |
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| FAA + dated web citation | 98 of 117 · 84% |
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| All included | 112 of 132 · 85% |
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| Mean citation rate: ungrounded · grounded · grounding multiple |
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| FAA Part 141 certificate | 6.3% · 51.0% · 8.1× |
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| FAA + dated web citation | 4.8% · 50.3% · 10.5× |
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| All included | 4.3% · 49.8% · 11.6× |
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Grounded runs had the school list in the prompt. Grounded figures are the manipulation check.
This is our own research. Every answer is archived verbatim with a SHA-256 hash, and the method and every result are fully documented.
Methodology v2.2 · research commit 3f64b16 · 252 city-and-school-type combos, 7,560 query-runs.